Hundred Years' War
From Warlike
Q12551
Error: Invalid JSON (<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Wikimedia Commons SPARQL Query Error</title> <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <style> body { font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif; background-color: #f3f4f6; } .container { max-width: 900px; } .error-box { background-color: #fee2e2; color: #ef4444; padding: 1.5rem; border-radius: 0.5rem; border: 1px solid #ef4444; word-wrap: break-word; /* Ensure long URLs/messages wrap */ } code { background-color: #e2e8f0; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-family: monospace; } </style>
</head> <body class="p-4 flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen">
SPARQL Query Service
Operation Failed:
An error occurred during query execution: HTTP Error: 400 Response: SPARQL-QUERY: queryStr= SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?file ?date ?label ?qualityLabel ?latitude ?longitude ?type ?subtype ?source WHERE { SERVICE wikibase:label {bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'} { SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?file ?date ?label ?quality ?latitude ?longitude ?type ?subtype ?source WHERE { { SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?date ?file ?type ?subtype ?source (COALESCE(?label1,?label2) AS ?label) (SAMPLE (COALESCE(?latitude1,?latitude2)) AS ?latitude) (SAMPLE (COALESCE(?longitude1,?longitude2)) AS ?longitude) (SAMPLE(?qualitylist) AS ?quality) WHERE { {?item wdt:P180 wd:Q12551} UNION {SERVICE wikibase:mwapi{ bd:serviceParam wikibase:api 'Generator' . bd:serviceParam wikibase:endpoint 'commons.wikimedia.org' . bd:serviceParam mwapi:gcmtitle 'Category:Hundred Years' War' . bd:serviceParam mwapi:generator 'categorymembers' . bd:serviceParam mwapi:gcmtype 'file' . bd:serviceParam mwapi:gcmlimit 'max' . ?title wikibase:apiOutput mwapi:title . ?pageid wikibase:apiOutput '@pageid' . } BIND (URI(CONCAT('https://commons.wikimedia.org/entity/M', ?pageid)) AS ?item) } OPTIONAL {?item rdfs:label ?label1 FILTER(LANG(?label1) = 'en')} ?item schema:url ?url. BIND (CONCAT('File:',wikibase:decodeUri(substr(str(?url),52))) AS ?file) BIND(REPLACE(REPLACE(?file, '^File:', ), '.[^.]*$', ) AS ?label2) OPTIONAL {?item wdt:P571 ?date} OPTIONAL {?item wdt:P6731 ?qualitylist} OPTIONAL { ?item p:P1259 ?position1. ?position1 psv:P1259/wikibase:geoLatitude ?latitude1a. ?position1 psv:P1259/wikibase:geoLongitude ?longitude1a. BIND(STR(?latitude1a) AS ?latitude1) BIND(STR(?longitude1a) AS ?longitude1) } OPTIONAL { ?item p:P9149 ?position2. ?position2 psv:P9149/wikibase:geoLatitude ?latitude2a. ?position2 psv:P9149/wikibase:geoLongitude ?longitude2a. BIND(STR(?latitude2a) AS ?latitude2) BIND(STR(?longitude2a) AS ?longitude2) } BIND(CONCAT('commons') AS ?type) BIND(CONCAT('image') AS ?subtype) BIND(CONCAT('Commons') AS ?source) FILTER ( STRENDS(LCASE(STR(?file)), '.jpg') || STRENDS(LCASE(STR(?file)), '.jpeg') ) } GROUP BY ?item ?date ?file ?label1 ?label2 ?latitude1 ?latitude2 ?longitude1 ?longitude2 ?type ?subtype ?source } } ORDER BY DESC(?quality) ASC(?date) LIMIT 10 } } GROUP BY ?item ?file ?date ?label ?qualityLabel ?latitude ?longitude ?type ?subtype ?source ORDER BY ASC(?date) java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.openrdf.query.MalformedQueryException: Lexical error at line 16, column 74. Encountered: "\'" (39), after : "War" at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:206) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.BigdataServlet.submitApiTask(BigdataServlet.java:292) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.QueryServlet.doSparqlQuery(QueryServlet.java:678) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.QueryServlet.doPost(QueryServlet.java:275) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.RESTServlet.doPost(RESTServlet.java:269) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.MultiTenancyServlet.doPost(MultiTenancyServlet.java:195) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:707) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:790) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHolder.handle(ServletHolder.java:865) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1655) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.throttling.ThrottlingFilter.doFilter(ThrottlingFilter.java:322) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.throttling.SystemOverloadFilter.doFilter(SystemOverloadFilter.java:84) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at ch.qos.logback.classic.helpers.MDCInsertingServletFilter.doFilter(MDCInsertingServletFilter.java:50) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.filters.QueryEventSenderFilter.doFilter(QueryEventSenderFilter.java:125) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.filters.ClientIPFilter.doFilter(ClientIPFilter.java:43) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.filters.JWTIdentityFilter.doFilter(JWTIdentityFilter.java:66) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.filters.RealAgentFilter.doFilter(RealAgentFilter.java:33) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1642) at org.wikidata.query.rdf.blazegraph.filters.RequestConcurrencyFilter.doFilter(RequestConcurrencyFilter.java:50) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler$CachedChain.doFilter(ServletHandler.java:1634) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler.doHandle(ServletHandler.java:533) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.handle(ScopedHandler.java:146) at org.eclipse.jetty.security.SecurityHandler.handle(SecurityHandler.java:548) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.HandlerWrapper.handle(HandlerWrapper.java:132) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.nextHandle(ScopedHandler.java:257) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.session.SessionHandler.doHandle(SessionHandler.java:1595) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.nextHandle(ScopedHandler.java:255) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler.doHandle(ContextHandler.java:1340) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.nextScope(ScopedHandler.java:203) at org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletHandler.doScope(ServletHandler.java:473) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.session.SessionHandler.doScope(SessionHandler.java:1564) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.nextScope(ScopedHandler.java:201) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler.doScope(ContextHandler.java:1242) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ScopedHandler.handle(ScopedHandler.java:144) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandlerCollection.handle(ContextHandlerCollection.java:220) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.HandlerCollection.handle(HandlerCollection.java:126) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.HandlerWrapper.handle(HandlerWrapper.java:132) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server.handle(Server.java:503) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.HttpChannel.handle(HttpChannel.java:364) at org.eclipse.jetty.server.HttpConnection.onFillable(HttpConnection.java:260) at org.eclipse.jetty.io.AbstractConnection$ReadCallback.succeeded(AbstractConnection.java:305) at org.eclipse.jetty.io.FillInterest.fillable(FillInterest.java:103) at org.eclipse.jetty.io.ChannelEndPoint$2.run(ChannelEndPoint.java:118) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.strategy.EatWhatYouKill.runTask(EatWhatYouKill.java:333) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.strategy.EatWhatYouKill.doProduce(EatWhatYouKill.java:310) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.strategy.EatWhatYouKill.tryProduce(EatWhatYouKill.java:168) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.strategy.EatWhatYouKill.run(EatWhatYouKill.java:126) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.ReservedThreadExecutor$ReservedThread.run(ReservedThreadExecutor.java:366) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.QueuedThreadPool.runJob(QueuedThreadPool.java:765) at org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread.QueuedThreadPool$2.run(QueuedThreadPool.java:683) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) Caused by: org.openrdf.query.MalformedQueryException: Lexical error at line 16, column 74. Encountered: "\'" (39), after : "War" at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.Bigdata2ASTSPARQLParser.parseQuery2(Bigdata2ASTSPARQLParser.java:404) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.QueryServlet$SparqlQueryTask.call(QueryServlet.java:741) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.webapp.QueryServlet$SparqlQueryTask.call(QueryServlet.java:695) at com.bigdata.rdf.task.ApiTaskForIndexManager.call(ApiTaskForIndexManager.java:68) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) ... 1 more Caused by: com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.TokenMgrError: Lexical error at line 16, column 74. Encountered: "\'" (39), after : "War" at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilderTokenManager.getNextToken(SyntaxTreeBuilderTokenManager.java:3994) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.jj_ntk(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:9637) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.RDFLiteral(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:7189) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphTerm(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:3893) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.VarOrTermOrTRefP(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:8714) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphNodePath(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:3786) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.ObjectPath(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:3467) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.ObjectListPath(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:3044) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.PropertyListPath(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2992) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.TriplesSameSubjectPath(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2919) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.TriplesBlock(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2321) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.BasicGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2097) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2034) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1969) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.ServiceGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2534) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPatternNotTriples(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2370) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2047) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1969) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupOrUnionGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2451) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupOrUnionGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2459) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPatternNotTriples(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2361) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2047) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1969) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.WhereClause(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1013) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.SubSelect(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:416) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1965) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupOrUnionGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2451) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPatternNotTriples(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2361) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2047) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1969) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.WhereClause(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1013) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.SubSelect(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:416) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1965) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupOrUnionGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2451) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPatternNotTriples(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2361) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2047) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:2056) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.GroupGraphPattern(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1969) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.WhereClause(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:1013) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.SelectQuery(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:377) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.Query(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:328) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.QueryContainer(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:216) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.ast.SyntaxTreeBuilder.parseQuery(SyntaxTreeBuilder.java:32) at com.bigdata.rdf.sail.sparql.Bigdata2ASTSPARQLParser.parseQuery2(Bigdata2ASTSPARQLParser.java:336) ... 7 more
</body> </html>).
The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces.
1337 — 1453
Wikimedia, Wikidata
Hundred Years War
Kingdom of England, Kingdom of France,
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Location: 47, 2, KML, Cluster Map, Maps,
18 places
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ⓘ
- Castelnaudary pendant la guerre de Cent Ans (1359-1447) : défense urbaine et opérations militaires - scientific article, 2012
- Die Epistola de lamentabili statu Francie: Eine prosimetrische Allegorie aus der Zeit des Hundertjährigen Krieges - scientific article published on 27 February 2023, Q188, online
- The Burghers of Calais - drama by Georg Kaiser, 1914
- Un chapitre de l'histoire de Troyes: guerre des Anglais 1429-1435 - , French, 1861
- "The Lance in the Fifteenth Century: How French Cavalry Overcame the English Defensive System in the Latter Part of the Hundred Years War" - , 2019
- La destrousse de Tallebot - 15th-century account of the war between France and England in Guyenne and Périgord, Middle French, 1454
- Pirates and Pilchards: The Wealth and Peopling of Fowey during The Hundred Years War - article published in 2015, online
- Construire en terre pendant la Guerre de Cent ans : les fortifications de Castelnaudary (Aude) vers 1355 - vers 1450 - , 2010
- Villages en guerre : les communautés de défense dans le Midi pendant la guerre de Cent Ans - scientific article, Q150, 2007
- The Battle of Agincourt: An Alternative location? - scholarly article by Timothy Sutherland published November 2005 in Journal of Conflict Archaeology
- A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career - chapter published in 1996
- La Vie économique de l'abbaye de Clairvaux, des origines à la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans (1115-1471) -
- The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War - scholarly article by Clifford J. Rogers published April 1993 in The Journal of Military History
- Fowey during the Hundred Years’ War: A Study of the Port and its People, c.1330–c.1453 - MA dissertation, 2013
- Trial by fire; the Hundred Years War II - book published in 2000, English
- Welshmen and the Hundred Years War - scientific article published in 1969
- Trial by battle; the Hundred Years War I - book published in 1999
- "National Reconciliation in France at the end of the Hundred Years War" - , 2008
- Les lamentacions sur les maux de la France - work by Christine de Pizan, Middle French, 1410
- ‘The Gallaunts of Fawey’: a case study of Fowey during the Hundred Years’ War, c .1337-1399 - , Q1860, 2017
- The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry by and against Joan of Arc During the Hundred Years War - journal article; published in War & Society, Jan 1996
- Types de forts villageois dans le bassin moyen de l’Aude durant la guerre de Cent ans - article published in 2004, Q150
- Financing the Hundred Years' War: Royal Taxation in France in 1340 - article published in 1967, Q1860
- The introduction and use of the pavise in the Hundred Years War - journal article; published in Arms & Armour in 2007
- ‘A Hundred Years’ War castle site with its drawbridge in the Bourbonnais region : le Tronçais at Chevagnes (Allier) - scholarly article in Archéologie Médiévale, no. 41, December 2011, Q150
- Nouvelles recherches sur l'itinéraire du Prince Noir à travers les pays de l'Aude (29 octobre-16 novembre 1355) - scientific article, 1909
| Type | Subtype | Date | Description | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| area | region | 481 | France | sovereign state, republic, country, tripadvisor | Wikidata |
| event | armed conflict | Paris Commune | government, administrative territorial entity, commune | Wikidata | |
| event | armed conflict | 469 | Battle of Déols | battle, Visigothic Kingdom of Tolosa, Bretons, Gallo-Roman culture | Wikidata |
| event | armed conflict | 1814 | 1814 campaign in France | military campaign | Wikidata |
| event | armed conflict | 1940 | Battle of France | Kingdom of Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Belgium, Poland, United Kingdom, Nazi Germany, Kingdom of the Netherlands, battle, French Third Republic, Czechoslovak government-in-exile, French colonial empire | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1337 | Edwardian War | Duchy of Brittany, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of France, Duchy of Lorraine, County of Flanders, Republic of Genoa, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Castile, Kingdom of Scotland, County of Hainaut, war phase, Kingdom of Majorca | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1337 | Hundred Years' War | war, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1369 | Caroline War | Ghent, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England, Duchy of Brittany, Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Castile, war phase | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1407 | Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War | civil war, Armagnac, Burgundian party | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1415 | Lancastrian War | Kingdom of France, Kingdom of England, Duchy of Burgundy, Kingdom of Scotland, war phase | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1477 | War of the Burgundian Succession | war of succession | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1562 | French Wars of Religion | series of wars | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1567 | Second French War of Religion | religious war | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1815 | War of the Seventh Coalition | war | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1870 | Franco-Prussian War | French Third Republic, North German Confederation, German Empire, Kingdom of Württemberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Grand Duchy of Baden, war, Second French Empire | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1871 | Repression of the Commune | war, Paris Commune, French Third Republic, military operation, campaign | Wikidata |
| event | war | 1954 | Algerian War | war of national liberation, war of independence | Wikidata |
| organisation | arms industry | 1875 | Hotchkiss et Cie | automotive industry, arms industry, business, vehicle construction, historical car manufacturer | Wikidata |
| organisation | arms industry | 1911 | Breguet Aviation | automotive industry, arms industry, brand, automobile manufacturer, aerospace manufacturer, aircraft industry, aerospace engineering, aerospace industry | Wikidata |
| organisation | arms industry | 1918 | Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil | telecommunications, arms industry, business, electrical industry | Wikidata |
| site | tower | Tour Blanche d'Issoudun | keep | Wikidata | |
| site | tower | Tour de l'arsenal | fortified tower | Wikidata | |