Crusades
From Warlike
Q12546
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by the papacy between 1095 and 1291 against Muslim rulers for the recovery and defence of the Holy Land, encouraged by promises of spiritual reward. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in November 1095—a call to arms for Christians to reconquer Jerusalem from the Muslims. By this time, the papacy's position as head of the Catholic Church had strengthened, and earlier conflicts with secular rulers and wars on the frontiers of Western Christendom had prepared it for the direction of armed force in religious causes. The successes of the First Crusade led to the establishment of four Crusader states in the Levant, where their defence required further expeditions from Catholic Europe. The organisation of such large-scale campaigns demanded complex religious, social, and economic institutions, including crusade indulgences, military orders, and the taxation of clerical income. Over time, the crusading movement expanded to include campaigns against pagans, Christian dissidents, and other enemies of the papacy, promoted with similar spiritual rewards and continuing into the 18th century.
1095 — 1291
Wikimedia, Wikidata
Holy Wars; The Crusades; The Holy Wars
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Location: KML, Cluster Map, Maps,
3 places
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1095-01-01T00:00:00Z
1291-01-01T00:00:00Z
1095 — 1291 Crusades
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The heimskringla tells of how Sigurd lowered several ships with four men in front of an inaccessible rock slab on Formentera to drive out a group of so-called "heathen bluemen" (North African Muslims) who had entrenched themselves there.
Crusades
Entrée des croisés à Constantinople, d'après Delacroix (NYPL b14830732-1150541)
Eudes-le-maire-StEtienne-Du-Mont
Engagement conditionnel de se croiser pris par Guy de Châtillon, Comte de Blois. - Archives Nationales - AE-II-342
City Acre
Combat deuxième croisade
Inscription pierre tombale Hugues Salomon du Quiliou, maréchal de l'ordre du Temple
Achronological map of the Norman Conquests
Theuerdank-3- Notes on Crusader Transjordan - article published in 1988
- Acre Continuation - anonymous Old French prose history of the Crusades, Old French, 1300
- Fact and fiction in the English crusading tradition: the earls of Warwick in the twelfth century - , Q1860, 1988
- Pope Clement V and the crusades of 1309–10 - , Q1860, 1982
- Les estoires d'Outremer - 13th-century French historical compilation, Old French, 1300
- Blood Red Horse - 2004 novel by K. M. Grant, English
- Byzantium confronts its neighbours: Islam and the crusaders in the twelfth century - article, 2014
- The Old Testament Image and the Rise of Crusader Culture in France - chapter published in 2004
- A castle in the sand: mottes in the crusader east - scientific article published in 1998
- Crusading Warfare 1097-1193 - book published in 1956
- Les lignages d'outremer - Old French text describing the genealogy of the main Crusader families linked to John of Ibelin, Old French, 1270
- Les lignages d'outremer - Old French text describing the genealogy of the main Crusader families linked to John of Ibelin, Old French, 1270
- Crusader Castles - 1988 book, English
- Intestinal parasitic worm eggs from a crusader period cesspool in the city of Acre (Israel) - , 2007
- Reinventing Normans as Crusaders? Ralph of Caen's Gesta Tancredi - article published in 2008
- The Crusades of 1239–41 and their aftermath - , Q1860, 1987
- Rothelin Continuation - anonymous Old French prose history of the Crusades, Old French, 1300
- Crusader castles of Cyprus: The fortifications of Cyprus under the Lusignans of 1191-1489 - doctoral thesis by James Petre, 2010, online
- The EAMENA database and its potential impact on research and heritage management: a case study of Crusader heritage in Lebanon - scientific article published on 2 September 2021, Q1860, online
- Al-Mawsūʻah Al-shāmilah Fī Tārīkh Al-Ḥurūb Al-Ṣalībīyah - Encyclopedic work by Suhayl Zakkār, Arabic, 1995
- Crusading and crusade memory in Caesarius of Heisterbach's Dialogus miraculorum - article published in 2013, Q1860
- Crusader Diet in Times of War and Peace: Arsur (Israel) as a Case Study - scholarly article by Miriam Pines et al published 17 July 2017 in Oxford Journal of Archaeology
- Jerusalem Delivered - epic poem by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso first published in 1581; tells a mythified account of the First Crusade in which Christian knights led by Godfrey of Bouillon battle to take Jerusalem, Italian, online
- Crusader Castles: The First Generation - , 2017
- Crusader Castles and Modern Histories - book published in 2007
- The Ecology of Crusading: Investigating the Environmental Impact of Holy War and Colonisation at the Frontiers of Medieval Europe - , 2011
- Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades - article published in 2015
- Desputizons dou croisié et dou descroisié - poem written by Rutebeuf, Old French, 1300
- Crusading Without Affect or Effect: Emotion in Helmold of Bosau’s Chronica Slavorum - chapter, 2017
- Eracles - 13th-century French version of William of Tyre's Historia and Ernoul's Chronicle, Old French
- Eracles - 13th-century French version of William of Tyre's Historia and Ernoul's Chronicle, Old French
- Simon V of Montfort: The exercise and aims of independent Baronial power at home and on crusade, 1195-1218 - doctoral thesis by G.E.M. Lippiatt, 2015, online
- Three Crusader Capitals in Jerusalem - , 1978
- Bull of the Crusade - indulgences allowed to the inhabitants of the Iberian kingdoms
- Shakhṣīyat Al-Dawlah Al-Fāṭimīyah Fī Al-Ḥarakah Al-Ṣalībīyah - Peer reviewed article by Said Abdulfattah Ashour, Q13955, 1969, online
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - 1776–89 book by English historian Edward Gibbon, English, online
- Medieval Petra and the crusader-islamic frontier. Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence - scientific article published in January 2002
- Histoire des Croisades et du Royaume franc de Jérusalem - , French, 1934
- The archaeology of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: a review of work 1947-97 - scientific article published in January 1997
- Women's participation in crusades from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries - 1997 master's thesis by Suzanne Helen Corry at Massey University, Q1860
- Frontier societies and crusading in the late middle ages - , Q1860, 1995
- The Crusader Lordship of Karak and Shaubak. Some preliminary remarks - chapter published in 1987
- Migration to the medieval Middle East with the crusades - scientific article published in November 2009, Q1860
- Captivity and ransom: the experience of women - chapter published in 2001
- ‘O Damietta’: war memory and crusade in thirteenth-century Egypt - journal article, Q1860, 2014
- Crusader Castles - dissertation, 1910
- The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey - scientific article published in March 2004, Q1860
- "Bad crusaders? The Normans of Southern Italy and the Crusading Movement in the Twelfth Century" - article published in 2016
- The Muslim Strategy of Demolishing Frankish Fortresses and Towns in the Levant - article published in 2009, Q188, online
- A 12th century A.D. sequence from southern Transjordan: Crusader and Ayyubid occupation at el-Wu'eira - article published in 1987, online
- Feeding the Crusades: Archaeobotany, Animal Husbandry and Livestock Alimentation on the Baltic Frontier - scientific article published on 19 March 2019, Q1860
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