Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609
From Warlike
The years 1599–1609 constituted a phase in the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the emerging Dutch Republic. It followed the Ten Years (1588–1598) that saw significant conquests by the Dutch States Army under the leadership of stadtholders Maurice of Nassau and William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, and ended with the conclusion of the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) on 9 April 1609. From 1599 to 1609 the conflict largely settled into a stalemate. The Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) yielded a Dutch tactical victory without durable strategic gains. Spain recorded successes at the Siege of Ostend (1601–1604) and during Spinola’s 1605–1606 campaign, while the Dutch won a naval victory at the Battle of Gibraltar (1607); Spain also went bankrupt that year, and had to suspend payments of its troops in the Low Countries. Financial pressures were among the factors that led both sides, especially Spain, to pursue a ceasefire.
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